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April 1, 1999
Assessing the monetary benefit of improving air quality
The European Commission and some Member States have recently carried out studies to estimate the monetary benefits of proposals to improve air quality and reduce adverse effects on the environment....
April 1, 1999
What will European air quality be like in the future?
The community of official stakeholders (Commission personnel, Members of Parliament and Parliament Staff, Member State civil servants, academics, industry specialists and environmentalists alike) ar...
April 1, 1999
The Seveso 2 Directive
The subject of this report is the Council Directive on the Control of Major Accident Hazards involving dangerous substances, popularly known as the COMAH Directive or, alternatively, Seveso 2. This...
April 1, 1999
Developments related to the Existing Substances Regulation
Council Regulation (EEC) 793/93 on the evaluation and control of the risks of existing substances, generally known as the ‘Existing Substances Regulation’ was adopted on 23 March 1993 and entere...
April 1, 1999
Best Available Techniques to reduce emissions from refineries
Over the past few years, European governments have progressively sought the application of Best Available Techniques (BAT) for the control of environmental emissions from a range of industrial sectors...
April 1, 1999
CONCAWE issues guidelines on gasoline volatility aspects for year 2000 EN 228 standard
Gasoline volatility specifications are defined in volatility classes in the European Standard EN 228. CEN member countries have selected up to three volatility classes to satisfy the driveability re...
April 1, 1999
Energy use and CO2 emissions in refinery operations
Increasing the complexity and severity of refinery operations to meet new product specifications, necessarily leads to an increase in energy use.
This can be (partially) offset by improved energy e...
January 21, 1999
Proposal for revision of volatility classes in EN 228 specification in light of EU fuels directive
Report no. 99/51: CONCAWE has reviewed the current gasoline volatility specifications within EN228 relating to hot weather drive ability, i.e. RVP, E70 and Vapour Lock Index (VLI), in anticipation of...
December 21, 1998
The Seveso 2 directive and the oil industry
Report no. 7/98: This report has been prepared in order to give guidance to the management of sites in the oil industry on the interpretation of the Seveso 2 (or COMAH) Directive. Emphasis has been pu...
November 21, 1998
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in automotive exhaust emissions and fuels
Report no. 98/55: A comprehensive literature review of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in automotive exhaust emissions and fuels has been conducted. Sources and mechanisms of their formation in...
October 23, 1998
CONCAWE Review – Autumn 1998
Volume 7 • Number 2: Dear Reader,
Agreement has now been reached between the Environment Council and the European Parliament on the 2000/2005 emission standards for passenger cars and light comm...
October 21, 1998
A survey of European gasoline qualities – summer 1996
Report no. 5/98: CONCAWE has conducted a new survey of gasoline qualities in sixteen European countries. Over 1100 samples were collected in the summer period 1996 and analysed. This report summarises...
October 21, 1998
Opportunities and costs to upgrade the quality of automotive diesel fuel
Report no. 88/52: The results of last year's study of opportunities and costs to upgrade quality of automotive diesel fuel in the EEC were included in CONCAWE Report No. 10187 "Diesel fuel quality and...
October 1, 1998
The hazards of static electricity
Static electricity incidents have occurred in recent years which have highlighted concerns about explosion or fire while transferring vehicle fuels. These may indicate that changes taking place threat...
October 1, 1998
Reclassification of petroleum substances
EINECS, the European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances, contains entries for 661 petroleum substances, all of which have to be classified and labelled under the Dangerous Substances Directiv...
October 1, 1998
The ‘Precautionary Principle’
The Precautionary Principle has become very much a part of the vocabulary of the general environmental scene today. It has found its way into various international declarations and conventions, is bei...
October 1, 1998
Cost-effectiveness of marine vapour emissions control
The European Directive (94/63/EC) on the ‘control of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions resulting from the storage of petrol and its distribution from terminals to service stations’, the so...
October 1, 1998
Acidification strategy sensitivity analysis
In mid 1997, the European Commission published its strategy to combat adverse environmental effects resulting from the deposition of acidifying pollutants. The ultimate target was to achieve zero exce...
October 1, 1998
Automotive polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified certain PAH as carcinogenic to animals and probably carcinogenic to humans. Evidence for the carcinogenicity of some PAH is equivocal;for...
June 21, 1998
Pilot study to investigate airborne benzene levels in service station kiosks
Report no. 98/53: This report describes the results of a small pilot study which was carried out in two service stations in the UK. The purpose of the study was to compare the concentrations of benzen...
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