Impact of product quality and demand evolution on EU refineries at the 2020 horizon: CO2 emissions trend and mitigation options
Report no. 8/08: This report presents an integrated assessment of the impact of product quality and demand changes on EU refineries between 2000 and 2020 in terms of investment requirements, energy consumption and CO2 emissions. It further explores the potential of...
Reducing the sulphur content of marine fuels
IMO’s MARPOL Annex VI legislation has so far been based on the concept of SECAs, i.e. it seeks targeted sulphur reductions in those specific areas where emission density is high and sulphur impacts from ships are comparable to those from land-based sources....
Particle emissions from modern vehicles
Ultra-low sulphur fuels have enabled the introduction of modern engine and after-treatment technologies in order to meet increasingly stringent exhaust emissions limits. Through these improvements, substantial reductions in road vehicle emissions have occurred over...