Ecosystem approaches can be defined as ’approaches to environmental management and policy making that aim to compare costs and benefits of management and policy options on the basis of an analysis of their impacts on the supply of benefits from ecosystems to people’....
Integrated Assessment Modelling (IAM) has been at the heart of European air quality policy development for more than two decades3. Such tools provide a useful framework for policy makers to connect the increasingly complex science dealing with multiple pollutants and...
IntroductionIt is often assumed that the environment is deteriorating due to continuous emissions from industry and that new adverse effects can be attributed to chemical mixtures and unknown substances in these emissions. This dogmatic thinking was probably correct...
After more than a century since the Wright Brothers took off, we have become accustomed to the conveniences and inconveniences of air transportation. As high speed rail and slower options, like long distance buses and ships, find their place in our...
Looking back on developments in heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) technology over the past 20–25 years, one could rightly describe them as a ‘total makeover’. The improvements are particularly obvious for exhaust emissions but also for fuel consumption, durability and safety,...
