Bitumen is a product with a long history of use as construction material in a wide variety of applications, such as road paving. Under normal ambient conditions bitumens are solid and do not present health or environmental hazards. However, most bitumen applications...
The risk assessment methodology requires data on exposure in order to make comparisons between so-called ‘no-effect-levels’, arising from health effect studies, and exposure cases as they occur during normal handling and use of the substance.
As part of the Commission’s Clean Air For Europeprogramme (CAFE), the World Health Organization’s (WHO) European Centre for Environment and Health has been contracted to update its guidance with respect to the health effects of fine particulates and ozone....
Over recent years, vehicle technologies have developed rapidly with significant improvements in emissions control. Exhaust catalysts were first required on European gasoline cars with the introduction of Euro 1 emissions limits in 1993, with subsequent evolution to...
Ten years of modelling experience It is now nearly 10 years since CONCAWE decided to develop a tool to model the European refining industry and evaluate the likely impact of future changes such as legislative measures affecting the quality of refinery products. There...
