The EU Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) foresees a number of mechanisms for distributing emission allowances amongst market players. In the first and second emission trading periods under the original ETS Directive, the majority of allowances were...
There are various circumstances, in particular in the context of life cycle analyses (LCA) where it may be desirable to establish the footprint of fossil fuels in terms of cost, energy or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This legitimate expectation raises a specific...
Over the years the oil refining system in the EU has developed and adapted to meet the evolving demand, in both qualitative and quantitative terms, while coping with an ever-changing supply of crude oils. The combination of changes in demand and crude supply requires...
Like all other chemical substances that are manufacture in, or imported into, the European Economic Area (EEA), either as such or in preparations or, under certain circumstances, in articles, petroleum substances will have to be registered with the European...
Industrial sites in Europe are required to have an operating permit issued under the national implementation of the IPPC Directive. The permit conditions require that the emissions to air and to water should be consistent with the application of Best Available...
