Oil refineries manufacture a wide range of petroleum products, mainly transport fuels (gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, marine fuels), heating and industrial fuels, and chemical feedstocks. All must meet market requirements in both quantitative and qualitative terms. Crude...
Report no. 3/12: The consumption of energy within EU refineries plays a crucial role in determining refinery operating costs and emissions and has therefore long been a focus of attention by refinery operators. Improvements in refinery energy efficiency have resulted...
CO2 capture and storage (CCS) are seen as one of the most promising routes to a major reduction in CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Its deployment on a large scale would make it possible to continue using fossil energy resources while meeting the challenging emission...
Over the years the oil refining system in the EU has developed and adapted to meet the evolving demand, in both qualitative and quantitative terms, while coping with an ever-changing supply of crude oils. The combination of changes in demand and crude supply requires...
IMO’s MARPOL Annex VI legislation has so far been based on the concept of SECAs, i.e. it seeks targeted sulphur reductions in those specific areas where emission density is high and sulphur impacts from ships are comparable to those from land-based sources....
